Methods and research progress of paleo-water depth reconstruction in sedimentary basins
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摘要:
古水深分析对古环境重建、盆地分析、层序地层学研究、古地貌恢复以及生、储、盖层条件的评价都有重要意义。古水深分析通常有古生物法、沉积学法、地球物理法、地球化学法及数字模拟法，各种方法优缺点并存，尽管某些方法在特定地质条件下存在优势，但在恢复同一环境的古水深时，不同方法还是存在其偏差；这些方法多以定性为主，许多方法易受自然条件限制，且对样品可靠性要求高，一定程度上限制了古水深研究。古水深恢复建议综合考虑地质背景、环境演化、研究地质体特征及地质资料情况等多种因素，多方法研究相互约束，以期更客观地再现古水深变化规律。
Abstract:The analysis of paleo-water depth is of great significance in fields such as paleo-environment reconstruction, basin analysis, sequence stratigraphy studies, reconstruction of ancient landform, and the evaluation of source, reservoir, and cap rock conditions. Paleo-water depth analysis methods usually include paleontological, sedimentological, geophysical, geochemical, and digital simulation methods, each with their own strengths and limitations. Although some methods have advantages in a specific geological background, there are some deviations between different methods in reconstructing paleo-water depth in the same environment. These methods are mostly qualitative, easily restricted by natural conditions and require the samples of high reliability, which limits paleo-water depth research to a certain extent. Therefore, when analyzing paleo-water depth, it is suggested to comprehensively consider various factors such as geological background, environmental evolution, geological characteristics, and geological data, and to adopt multiple methods to study mutual constraints, in order to jointly explore the law of Paleo-water depth variation in the target layer.
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图 1 指示古水深的古生物标志（据刘宝珺和曾允孚，1985；Frey，1975；Frey and Seilacher，2007）
Figure 1. Paleontological markers indicating paleo-water depth (modified from Liu and Zeng, 1985；Frey, 1975；Frey and Seilacher, 2007)
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图 2 豫西太原组遗迹组构沉积环境分布模式图（据宋慧波等，2012修改）
Figure 2. Sedimentary environment model of the ichnofabrics in the Taiyuan Formation, western Henan (modified from Song et al., 2012)
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图 3 指示古水深的沉积学标志（据刘宝珺和曾允孚，1985）
Figure 3. Sedimentological markers indicating paleo-water depth (after Liu and Zeng, 1985)
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图 4 沉积水深与沉积厚度、沉降幅度的关系图（据董刚和何幼斌，2010）
a. 欠补偿盆地；b. 补偿盆地； c. 超补偿盆地
Figure 4. Relationship diagram of sedimentary water depth with sedimentary thickness and subsidence magnitude (after Dong and He, 2010)
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图 5 根据地层厚度定量恢复古水深示意图（据董刚和何幼斌，2010）
D为补偿点基准面与所求水深时期的沉积界面之间的地层厚度；D’为所求点基准面与所求水深的沉积界面之间的地层厚度；H为所求水深值；h为差异沉降量
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of quantitative reconstruction of paleo-water depth according to formation thickness (after Dong and He，2010)
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图 6 利用滨线轨迹计算古水深的基本原理（据康波等，2012）
Figure 6. Basic principle for paleo-water depth using shoreline trajectory (after Kang et al., 2012)
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图 7 三角洲前积层厚度与水深关系示意图（据钟建华等，2017修改）
Figure 7. Sketch for the relationship between water depth and the foreset bed thickness in delta (modified from Zhong et al., 2017)
Th/U比值 ＞30 30～10 10～4 ＜4 沉积环境 强氧化 弱氧化—弱还原 还原 强还原 
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表 2 五个地震剖面的沙三中解释成果（据钟建华，2015修改）
Table 2 Interpretation results of mid-Sha3 in five seismic profiles (modified from Zhong et al., 2015)
剖面号 顶积层
走时/s底积层
走时/s顶积层对
应深度/m底积层对
应深度/m前积层高
度/m校正前对
应水深/m校正后对
应水深/m1 2.100 2.400 2579 3068 489 489 586.8 2 2.375 2.675 3028 3457 429 429 626.4 3 2.334 2.625 2954 3457 503 503 664.8 4 2.325 2.625 2942 3457 515 515 619.2 5 2.100 2.400 2579 3068 489 489 586.8 6 效果不好 效果好 效果不好 效果不好 效果不好 效果不好 效果不好 7 前积层不明显 前积层不明显 前积层不明显 前积层不明显 前积层不明显 前积层不明显 前积层不明显 平均 / / / / 485 485 681.13
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表 3 古水深恢复方法及其优缺点
Table 3 Paleo-water depth reconstruction methods and their advantages and disadvantages
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