The marine rifted successions of the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian deposits from the South Qiangtang Block in the Rutog area, Northern Xizang: Sedimentary records of a rifting process on the northern Gondwana margin
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摘要:
南羌塘地块被广泛认为是晚古生代亲冈瓦纳的基梅里大陆的一部分，其构造演化历史与冈瓦纳北缘裂解及班公湖–怒江中特提斯洋的打开关系密切。虽然众多研究成果显示，南羌塘地块在早二叠世从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解而来，但这在盆地沉积响应上却没有得到确切的证实。本文通过研究藏北日土地区晚石炭—早二叠世受冰期影响的4类16个岩相、6类沉积环境特征和不同沉积作用演化阶段，划分出受盆地基底构造沉降控制和气候影响的5个沉积充填序列，并分析其所反映的沉积物供应与可容空间变化，揭示沉积充填序列形成过程中的构造–气候控制因素。研究表明，序列Ⅰ在晚石炭世—早二叠世阿舍尔期沉积，表现为冰川沉积物补偿了盆地基底沉降形成的沉积可容空间，是同裂谷早期阶段构造活动与气候共同作用的结果；在萨克马尔期至亚丁斯克早期，以展金组为代表的冰海相海侵退积序列（序列Ⅱ）和以曲地组为代表的海退进积–加积序列（序列Ⅲ），分别反映同裂谷活动第一幕高峰期和停滞期；亚丁斯克晚期至空谷期，以吞龙共巴组下段为代表的海侵加积–退积序列（序列Ⅳ）和以吞龙共巴组上段为代表的加积–进积序列（序列Ⅴ）则分别指向同裂谷活动第二幕高峰期和减弱期。因此，藏北日土地区南羌塘地块晚石炭—早二叠世沉积充填序列是冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解过程的沉积响应，早二叠世是班公湖–怒江中特提斯洋初始打开的关键时期。
Abstract:The South Qiangtang Block (SQB) is widely acknowledged as part of the Cimmerian Continent, which rifted away from the northern Gondwana margin during the Early Permian, marking the initial opening of the Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys Ocean. However, the sedimentary response to this rifting event remains unconfirmed, leaving the event ambiguous. In this study, five sedimentary successions are identified in the Rutog area, Northern Xizang, each characterized by distinct facies that record different stages in the tectonic evolution and climatic influences on the basin, along with associated changes in the rates of basin subsidence and sediment accommodation. Succession Ⅰ, formed in the Late Carboniferous to Asselian age, shows that glaciomarine sediments compensated for the sediment accommodation generated by the basin subsidence, resulting from tectonic activities and climatic factors in the early stage of the syn-rift. During the Sakmarian to early Artinskian age, the glaciomarine retrogradational sequence represented by the Zhanjin Formation (Succession Ⅱ) and the following progradational-aggradational sequences represented by the Qudi Formation (Succession Ⅲ) mark the climax and standstill stages of the first episode of the syn-rift tectonic activities, respectively. In the late Artinskian to Kungurian age, the second episode of syn-rift is manifested by the Succession Ⅳ and Ⅴ. And the former retrogradational sequence (Succession Ⅳ), reflected in the lower part of the Tunlonggongba Formation, indicates a climax stage of syn-rift tectonic activity, while the latter aggradational-progradational sequences (Succession Ⅴ), represented by the upper part of the Tunlonggongba Formation, mark a stage of tectonic quiescence. Therefore, these Early Permian sedimentary successions in the SQB are best explained by the tectonic subsidence resulting from the rifting of the SQB from the Gondwana margin, suggesting an early Permian timeline for the initial opening of the Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys Ocean.
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图 1 研究区地质构造简图
A. 青藏高原构造格架；B. 藏北日土地区南羌塘地块地质略图。KLS—东昆仑-阿尼玛沁缝合带；JSS—金沙江缝合带；LSS—龙木错-双湖缝合带；BNS—班公湖–怒江缝合带；YZS—雅鲁藏布江缝合带；CQMB—羌塘中央变质带。DM—多玛剖面；QSH—清水河剖面；JBD—贾布德剖面；ZP—扎普剖面；4999HL—4999高地剖面
Figure 1. The brief geological and tectonic map of the study area
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图 2 杂砾岩相（Dm）
A. 块状杂砾岩相(Dmm)（擦蒙组）；B-C. 块状杂砾岩相(Dmm)（展金组）；D-F. 微层状杂砾岩相(Dms)（展金组）
Figure 2. Diamictite facies (Dm)
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图 3 砂岩相（S）
A. 块状砂岩相（Sm）（展金组）；B. 块状砂岩相（Sm）（曲地组）；C. 正粒序层理砂岩相（Sg）（曲地组底部）；D. 正粒序层理砂岩相（Sg）（展金组）；E. 软变形层理砂岩相（Sd）（展金组）；F. 软变形层理砂岩相（Sd）（曲地组底部）；G-H. 具冲刷构造砂岩相（Ss）（曲地组下部）；I-J. 板状交错层理砂岩相（Sp）（曲地组下部）；K-L. 槽状交错层理砂岩相（St）（曲地组下部）；M-N. 具小型波纹层理砂岩相（Sr）（展金组）；O. 钙质砂岩相（Sc），发育潮汐层理（吞龙共巴组下段）；P. 钙质砂岩相（Sc）（展金组）
Figure 3. Sandstone facies (S)
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图 4 细碎屑岩相（F）
A. 水平层理细碎屑岩相（Fl）（展金组）；B. 含冰筏碎屑具水平层理细碎屑岩相（Fld）（展金组）；C. 块状细碎屑岩相（Fm）与水平层理细碎屑岩相（Fl）构成沉积韵律（展金组）；D. 块状细碎屑岩相（Fm）与水平层理细碎屑岩相（Fl）构成岩相组合（吞龙共巴组底部）
Figure 4. Fine-grained facies (F)
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图 5 灰岩相（L）
A-B. 泥灰岩相（marl）（展金组顶部）；C-D砂质灰岩相（Ls），含有大量不规则排列的壳体碎片（吞龙共巴组下部）；E. 粒泥灰岩相（Mb）（吞龙共巴组下部）；F. 颗粒灰岩相（Gs）（吞龙共巴组上部）
Figure 5. Limestone facies (L)
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图 6 研究区晚石炭—早二叠世阿舍尔期冰海相加积序列（Ⅰ）（岩相代号及释义见正文，下同）
Figure 6. The glaciomarine aggradational sequence (Succession Ⅰ) from the Late Carboniferous to Asselian age in the study area (refer to text for lithofacies codes and interpretations, the same applies below)
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图 7 沉积序列Ⅱ中发育大型滑塌构造（据Zhang et al., 2023）
A、 C、 D. 滑塌构造野外露头照片；B. 滑塌构造素描图（根据照片A绘制）
Figure 7. The large scale slumping structures in the Succession Ⅱ (after Zhang et al., 2023)
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图 8 研究区早二叠世萨克马尔期冰海相退积序列（Ⅱ），指示主要由重力流沉积作用控制下的海侵事件
Figure 8. The glaciomarine retrogradational sequence (Succession Ⅱ) during the Sakmarian ice age in the study area, indicating the transgression events predominated by sediment gravity flow process
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图 9 研究区早二叠世亚丁斯克早期海退进积序列（Ⅲ-1），指示一个完整的三角洲相沉积建造过程
Figure 9. The regressive progradational sequence (Succession Ⅲ-1) during the early Artinskian age in the study area, indicating the construction process of delta settings
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图 10 研究区早二叠世亚丁斯克早期海相加积序列（Ⅲ-2）
Figure 10. The aggradational sequence (Succession Ⅲ-2) during the early Artinskian age in the study area
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图 11 研究区吞龙共巴组所反映的沉积序列Ⅳ与沉积序列Ⅴ，指示亚丁斯克晚期开始的新一轮海侵
Figure 11. The Succession Ⅳ and Ⅴ, reflected in the Tunlonggongba Formation in the study area, indicating the onset of a new transgression in the late Artinskian age
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图 12 沉积序列Ⅳ由钙质砂岩相（Sc）、块状细碎屑岩相（Fm）、层状细碎屑岩相（Fl）以及砂质灰岩相（Ms）构成
A. Sm, Sc, Fm构成岩相组合指示潮间带环境；B. 岩相Sm, Fm, Ms构成的韵律岩指示潮下带环境
Figure 12. The Succession Ⅳ is comprised of carbonaceous sandstone facies (Sc), massive fine-grained facies (Fm), laminated fine-grained facies (Fl), and sandy limestone facies (Ms)
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图 13 研究区南羌塘地块晚石炭—早二叠世盆地沉积序列、沉积可容空间变化与构造、气候演化阶段
Figure 13. Changes in sedimentary successions and sediment accommodation, along with the evolution stages of tectonic and climate, from the Late Carboniferous to Kungurian age in the SQB of the study area
表 1 研究区晚石炭—早二叠世地层岩相、代号、特征及成因解释
Table 1 The facies, codes, description, and origin of the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian strata in the study area
岩相及代号 特征 成因 层位 杂砾岩相
Dm块状杂砾岩相Dmm 泥、砂、砾等颗粒混杂堆积，碎屑成分复杂，
基底支撑，砾石表面常见擦痕、压坑等冰碛
特征，无沉积构造、颗粒排列无定向冰盖、冰棚、冰筏
等冰川成因擦蒙组、展金组 微层状杂砾岩相Dms 砂、砾以及冰碛物混杂，碎屑成分复杂，
层理化或弱层理化，偶见粒序层冰舌或冰筏碎屑被重力流改造 擦蒙组、展金组 砂岩相
S块状砂岩相Sm 细粒至中粒净砂岩或杂砂岩，几无内部沉
积构造浊流或重力流沉积 擦蒙组、展金组、曲地组、吞龙共巴组 粒序层理砂岩相Sg 细粒至粗粒砂岩的净砂岩或杂砂岩，
具正粒序悬浮沉降作用或浊流 展金组、曲地组 软变形砂岩相Sd 软变形的砂岩或粉砂岩，具包卷层理、
槽模、滑塌–滑移等层内或层面沉积构造重力滑塌滑移、泄水作用 展金组、曲地组 具冲刷构造砂岩相Ss 中粒至粗粒砂或细砾，发育低角度交错层
理以及冲刷构造，可见滞留泥砾层和生物
扰动构造波浪牵引作用，
水道流曲地组、吞龙共巴组 具板状交错层理砂岩相Sp 中粒至粗粒砂或含细砾，发育单向或双向
板状交错层理，底面平直或微冲刷，可见
生物扰动构造波浪或潮汐牵引
作用，水道流曲地组、吞龙共巴组 具槽状交错层理砂岩相St 中粒至粗粒砂或含砾，发育槽状交错层理，
层间通常具冲刷面辫状水道流 曲地组 具小型波纹层理砂岩相Sr 粉砂或细砂，具小型波纹层理的净砂岩或
杂砂岩，通常层面发育小型浪成波痕波浪或潮汐牵引流、底流或层间流 展金组、曲地组 高成熟钙质砂岩相Sc 中粒至粗粒砂，极好的分选和磨圆，石英
颗粒含量高，钙质胶结，常见生物扰动构造波浪或潮汐牵引作
用，沿岸流或强风暴潮，再沉积作用曲地组、吞龙共
巴组，展金组细碎屑
岩相
F块状细碎屑岩相Fm 深色泥或细粉砂，数厘米至数米厚，几无
内部沉积构造悬浮沉降作用，
洪积、浊流擦蒙组、展金组、曲地组、吞龙共巴组 具水平层理细碎屑岩Fl 深色泥或细粉砂，毫米或厘米级粒序层
堆积，可见水平层理悬浮沉降作用，浊流 擦蒙组、展金组、曲地组、吞龙共巴组 含杂砾岩具水平层理的细碎屑岩相 Fld 粉砂或泥质基底支撑，可见水平层理，
冰筏碎屑零散分布，常见坠石构造浊流、冰筏倾泄 展金组 灰岩相
L泥灰岩相 marl 黑色极薄层状或透镜状，常见粉砂级
陆源碎屑化学沉淀–机械沉积
作用展金组、曲地组、
吞龙共巴组砂质灰岩相Ms 含砂级陆源碎屑的泥晶灰岩，局部见双壳类
壳体碎片定向排列，呈长透镜状产出化学–机械沉积作用，潮汐风暴，滞留沉积 吞龙共巴组 粒泥灰岩相 Mb 生屑泥晶灰岩，中—厚层状，含少量有
孔虫、介壳、藻类生物碎屑化学沉淀 吞龙共巴组 颗粒灰岩相 Gs 颗粒灰岩，亮晶胶结，含大量分选良好的有
孔虫、苔藓虫等生物碎屑颗粒机械筛洗作用 吞龙共巴组 
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表 2 研究区晚石炭世—早二叠世沉积环境划分
Table 2 Classification of sedimentary environments from the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian of the study area
沉积环境 亚环境 次环境 岩相组合 海洋环境 受冰川影响碎屑岩浅海 陆棚 浅水陆棚/深水陆棚 Dmm, Dms, Sm, Fm, Fl 陆棚边缘 陆棚边缘盆地 Dmm, Dms, Fm 陆棚边缘斜坡 Dms, Sc, Sg, Sd, Sr, Fm, Fl, Fld, marl 正常碎屑岩浅海 陆棚边缘 陆棚边缘盆地 Sm, Fm, marl 正常碳酸盐岩浅海 碳酸盐岩台地 局限台地 Mb, Ms 台地边缘 Gs, Ms 开阔台地 Mb 过渡环境 三角洲 前三角洲 远滨 Sd, Sg, Ss, Sr, Sm, Fl 三角洲前缘 水下分流河道 Ss, St, Sr 水下天然堤 Sm, Fm, Fl, marl 远砂坝 Sp, Sm 三角洲平原 分流河道 Sp, St, Ss 分流间洼地 Sr, Sm, Fm, Fl 河口湾 潮坪 潮间带 Sp, Sc, Ss, Sm, Fm, Fl 潮下带 Sm, Sc, Fm, Fl, Ms, marl 海岸 障壁海岸 障壁岛 Mb, Gs 潟湖 Mb, Fm 潮坪 Sm, Sp, Sr, Fl, Ms
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