Re-Os geochronology and implications of molybdenite from the north section of the first mining area of the Pulang copper deposit, NW Yunnan
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摘要:
普朗铜矿是三江特提斯造山带格咱矿集区内最大的印支期斑岩型Cu-Mo多金属矿床。该矿床首采区北段是矿山的重要资源储备区，其成矿特征与首采区相比具有较大差异。首采区北段与首采区是否为同一岩浆活动的产物尚不清楚，这就限制了其与首采区矿化关系的深入探讨以及对成矿规律的总体认识。本次研究对首采区20线以北的矿石辉钼矿进行了Re-Os同位素年代学研究，以期为北部区域成矿规律及资源前景的进一步探索和评价提供基础地质资料，从而指导下步补充勘探工作。结果表明，辉钼矿Re-Os同位素加权平均模式年龄为（202.35±0.84）Ma，等时线年龄为（200.7±9.2）Ma，略晚于首采区矿体的形成时代。普朗南部Ⅰ号复式岩体中成矿事件经历了较长的时间（约20 Myr），或许与成矿流体多次幕式活动有关，表明普朗首采区北段具有较大的资源潜力。普朗铜矿矿石样品中辉钼矿Re含量为1.50×10－4～4.45×10－4，平均为2.64×10－4，暗示成矿物质主要来源于地幔。成矿背景为甘孜–理塘洋向西平坦俯冲于义敦岛弧带南段格咱地区导致大洋板块部分熔融，并诱发大量的埃达克质岩浆的上涌而成矿。
Abstract:The Pulang Cu deposit, located in the Gezan ore-concentrated area of the Sanjiang Tethyan belt, is the largest porphyry Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit formed during the Indosinian orogeny. The north section of the first mining area is a key resource area of the deposit, but its metallogenic characteristics are quite different from those of the first mining area. It remains unclear whether the first mining area and its northern section are products of the same genetic magmatic activity, limiting the in-depth exploration of its relationship with the mineralization of the first mining area and the general understanding of the metallogenic law. In this study, we present new Re-Os geochronology of molybdenite from this section, aiming to provide basic geological data for further exploration and evaluation of metallogenic regularity and resource prospects in the northern region, and to guide further exploration efforts. The molybdenite Re-Os data yield a weighted mean model age of (202.35±0.84)Ma and an isochron age of (200.7±9.2)Ma, slightly younger than the orebody in the first mining area. The mineralization in the No. Ⅰ composite intrusion in the south zone of Pulang spanned a long period (ca. 20 Myr), possibly related to multiple pulses of ore fluids, suggesting a high potential for undiscovered resources in the north section of the first mining area. The Re content of molybdenite ranges from 1.50×10－4 to 4.45×10－4, with an average of 2.64×10－4, indicating a mantle-derived ore-forming materials. The tectonic setting for mineralization was the flat subduction of the Ganzi-Litang ocean beneath the Yidun arc in the southern Gezan area, which triggered partial melting of the oceanic crust and generated voluminous adakitic magmas and associated ore fluids.
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Keywords:
- Re-Os isotope /
- ore formation timing /
- Pulang /
- porphyry ore deposit /
- Gezan ore-concentrated area
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图 1 区域大地构造位置（a）、义敦岛弧构造地质简图（b）及格咱地区地质简图（c，张少颖等，2020）
Figure 1. Tectonic outline of the study area (a), tectonic framework of the Yidun arc (b) and geologic sketch map of the Gezan area (c, after Zhang et al., 2020)
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图 2 普朗铜矿南矿段地质图
Figure 2. Geological map of the southern ore block of Pulang copper deposit
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图 3 普朗铜矿22线（左）、28线（右）地质剖面图
Figure 3. Geological sections of Line-22 (left) and Line-28 (right) of Pulang copper deposit
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图 4 普朗铜矿首采区北段手标本特征
a. 细脉浸染状构造；b. 浸染状构造；c. 脉状构造；d. 斑杂状构造。Mol—辉钼矿，Ccp—黄铜矿，Py—黄铁矿，Po—磁黄铁矿，Qtz—石英，Bt—黑云母
Figure 4. Characteristics of ore hand specimen in the north section of the first mining area of Pulang copper deposit
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图 5 普朗铜矿首采区北段矿石结构特征
a. 片状辉钼矿不均匀分布于黄铁矿、黄铜矿粒间；b. 片状辉钼矿；c. 他形粒状黄铜矿不均匀分布于黄铁矿粒间；d. 半自形—自形粒状黄铁矿、他形粒状黄铜矿不均匀分布；e. 他形粒状黝铜矿不均匀分布于磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿粒间；f. 半自形粒状毒砂不均匀分布于黄铁矿粒间；g. 他形粒状闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿不均匀分布于黄铜矿粒间；h. 他形粒状方铅矿；i. 褐铁矿不均匀交代黄铁矿、黄铜矿。Mo—辉钼矿，Ccp—黄铜矿，Py—黄铁矿，Po—磁黄铁矿，Thr—黝铜矿，Apy—毒砂，Sp—闪锌矿，Gn—方铅矿，Lm—褐铁矿
Figure 5. Ore textures of the northern section of the first mining area of Pulang copper deposit
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图 6 普朗铜矿首采区北段辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄（a）和加权平均模式年龄（b）
Figure 6. Re-Os isochron age (a) and weighted average model age (b) of molybdenite in the north section of the first mining area of Pulang copper deposit
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图 7 普朗铜矿成矿动力学背景（修改自Cai et al.，2023）
Figure 7. Metallogenic dynamic background of Pulang copper deposit (modified from Cai et al.，2023)
表 1 普朗KT1主矿体研究区与首采区控矿因素特征对比
Table 1 Comparison of ore-controlling factors between the research area and the first mining area of Pulang KT1 main ore body
位置 首采区（7—20线） 研究区（20—44线） 控矿岩
性特征成矿岩性 石英二长斑岩，花岗闪长斑岩，少量粗粒石英闪长玢岩 石英二长斑岩为主，少量粗粒石英闪长玢岩 赋矿位置 岩体内、局部角岩 岩体内，局部角岩 控矿蚀
变分带
特征蚀变分带 从内到外依次为：钾硅化带→（黄铁）绢英
岩化带→青磐岩化带（泥化叠加于后两种蚀变之上）从内到外依次为：钾硅化带（规模小）→
（黄铁）绢英岩化带（部分叠加在钾硅化带
上）→青磐岩化带（泥化叠加于它们之上）蚀变分带特征矿物 钾硅化带：石英+钾长石+黑云母+钠长石；
（黄铁）绢英岩化带：绢云母+石英；
青磐岩化带：绿泥石+绿帘石+方解石；
泥化带：伊利石+高岭土等黏土矿物钾硅化带：石英+钾长石±黑云母或石英（脉）+钾长石或石英（脉）+黑（金）云母；
（黄铁）绢英岩化带：绢云母+石英（脉）；
青磐岩化带：绿泥石+绿帘石+方解石；
泥化：高岭土+蒙脱石±绿脱石±地开石等蚀变分带金属特征矿物 钾硅化带：黄铜矿+辉钼矿+黄铁矿（少）；
（黄铁）绢英岩化带：黄铜矿+黄铁矿+辉钼矿+磁黄铁矿；
青磐岩化带：黄铁矿+磁黄铁矿+黄铜矿；钾硅化带：黄铜矿+黄铁矿±辉钼矿（少）；
绢英岩化带：黄铜矿+黄铁矿+辉钼矿+磁黄
铁矿；
青磐岩化带：黄铁矿±磁黄铁矿±黄铜矿与矿体有关的蚀变 钾硅化带、绢英岩带 绢英岩化带为主，少量钾硅化带 构造控
矿特征区域黑水塘断裂与全干力达断裂、次级构造破碎带、节理裂隙及微裂隙系统 区域黑水塘断裂与全干力达断裂、次级构造破碎带、节理裂隙及微裂隙系统 
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表 2 普朗铜矿首采区北段辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测试结果
Table 2 Re-Os isotope test results of molybdenite in the north section of the first mining area of Pulang copper deposit
样号 187Re/10－6 187Os/10－9 Re/10－6 模式年龄/Ma 测量值 1σ 测量值 1σ 测量值 1σ 计算值 1σ PLBKTD-2 93.70 1.55 319 3.1 149.68 2.48 204.2 1.9 PLBKTD-5 128.14 3.43 433 4.6 204.70 5.48 202.5 2.1 PLBKTD-6 234.91 4.33 786 6.7 375.26 6.92 200.5 1.7 PLBKTD-1 144.15 1.60 490 2.3 230.27 2.55 203.7 2.0 PLBKTD-8 110.94 1.21 375 1.2 177.23 1.93 202.3 0.5 PLBKTD-7 278.49 4.92 938 8.9 444.87 7.85 201.8 2.9
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表 3 普朗南部侵入岩、蚀变和矿物地质年代学统计表
Table 3 Statistical table of intrusive rocks, alteration, and mineral geochronology in southern Pulang
样品性质 矿物 测试方法 年龄/Ma 数据来源 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(ID-TIMS) 221.0 ± 1.0 庞振山等，2009; Pang et al.，2014 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 224.2 ± 1.7 Wang et al.，2011 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 217.9 ± 1.8 Wang et al.，2011 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 220.8 ± 4.1 刘学龙等，2012 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 220.5 ± 3.2 刘学龙和李文昌，2013 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 219.6 ± 3.5 刘学龙等，2013 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 211.8 ± 1.9 Chen et al.，2014 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 217.2 ± 1.4 Chen et al.，2014 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 215.3 ± 1.4 Chen et al.，2014 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 225.9 ± 3.7 Yang et al.，2018 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 215.2 ± 1.2 Leng et al.，2018a 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 215.2 ± 1.7 Leng et al.，2018a 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 213.5 ± 1.9 Leng et al.，2018a 粗粒石英闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 216.5 ± 1.5 Cao et al.，2019 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(SHRIMP) 228.0 ± 3.0 王守旭等，2008 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(SHRIMP) 226.3 ± 2.8 王守旭等，2008 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(SHRIMP) 226.0 ± 3.0 王守旭等，2008 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 214.8 ± 3.5 刘学龙等，2012 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 215.9 ± 3.1 刘学龙和李文昌，2013 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 214.8 ± 1.4 刘学龙和李文昌，2013 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 212.8 ± 1.9 刘学龙等，2013 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(ID-TIMS) 211.8 ± 0.5 庞振山等，2009; Pang et al.，2014 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(SIMS) 215.0 ± 1.3 Kong et al.，2016 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 217.0 ± 1.3 Leng et al.，2018a 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 216.4 ± 1.4 Leng et al.，2018a 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 217.6 ± 1.3 Leng et al.，2018a 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 217.1 ± 1.8 Leng et al.，2018b 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 216.0 ± 1.2 Leng et al.，2018b 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 215.1 ± 1.3 Leng et al.，2018b 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 211.6 ± 3.1 Wang et al.，2018b 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 215.4 ± 1.8 Yang et al.，2018 石英二长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 215.5 ± 1.4 Cao et al.，2019 闪长斑岩 锆石 U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS) 218.0 ± 0.8 Cao et al.，2019 蚀变 黑云母 40Ar/39Ar 216.0 ± 1.0 曾普胜等，2006; Li et al.，2011 蚀变 黑云母 40Ar/39Ar 214.6 ± 0.9 曾普胜等，2006; Li et al.，2011 矿化 辉钼矿 Re-Os(ID-ICP-MS) 216.3 ± 3.5～211.4 ± 3.6 曾普胜等，2006; Li et al.，2011 矿化 辉钼矿 Re-Os(ID-ICP-MS) 219.7 ± 3.4～218.0 ± 3.4 曹殿华，2007 矿化 辉钼矿 Re-Os(ID-NTIMS) 216.54 ± 0.87～216.13 ± 0.86 Cao et al.，2019 矿化 辉钼矿 Re-Os(ID-ICP-MS) 200.7 ± 9.2～202.35 ± 0.84 本次研究
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