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    凉山州地质灾害发育特征与时空分布规律

    徐伟, 铁永波, 郑玄, 殷万清, 付小麟, 欧文, 白永健, Ireneusz Malik, Małgorzata Wistuba

    徐伟,铁永波,郑玄,等,2024. 凉山州地质灾害发育特征与时空分布规律[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质,44(3):478−492. DOI: 10.19826/j.cnki.1009-3850.2023.11002
    引用本文: 徐伟,铁永波,郑玄,等,2024. 凉山州地质灾害发育特征与时空分布规律[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质,44(3):478−492. DOI: 10.19826/j.cnki.1009-3850.2023.11002
    XU W,TIE Y B,ZHENG X,et al.,2024. Development characteristics and temporal-spatial distribution of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,44(3):478−492. DOI: 10.19826/j.cnki.1009-3850.2023.11002
    Citation: XU W,TIE Y B,ZHENG X,et al.,2024. Development characteristics and temporal-spatial distribution of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,44(3):478−492. DOI: 10.19826/j.cnki.1009-3850.2023.11002

    凉山州地质灾害发育特征与时空分布规律

    基金项目: 中国地质调查局项目(DD20221746);四川省科技计划资助项目(MZGC20240038)
    详细信息
      作者简介:

      徐伟(1986—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事地质灾害调查评价和岩土体稳定性方向研究。E-mail:052054@163.com

    • 中图分类号: P681.7

    Development characteristics and temporal-spatial distribution of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture

    • 摘要:

      凉山州地处横断山系东北缘、川滇构造带南段,受活动构造、地形地貌、河流切割等作用影响,发育有地质灾害总数4016处,以中、小型土质滑坡和中、小型沟谷泥石流为主,是四川省地质灾害高风险地区。本文采用资料收集、数理统计、ArcGIS软件分析等方法分析发现,按行政区分析,德昌县是地质灾害发育数量最多的县市,为387处;宁南县是灾害发育密度最高的县市,为17.7处/100 km2;按流域分析,安宁河流域的地质灾害数量最多,达779处;美姑河流域的灾害发育密度最高,达11.18处/100 km2。以灾害发育密度为指标对不同灾害类型地质灾害的空间分布进行分析,滑坡方面,划分为4个极高密度区和15个高密度区,滑坡发育受活动构造、易滑地层(红层、昔格达组等)控制作用影响较大;崩塌方面,划分为2个极高密度区和5个高密度区,崩塌沿河谷及支沟、活动构造呈带状分布,受水电站库区开发建设、公路建设等工程活动切坡影响较大;泥石流方面,划分为2个极高密度区和10个高密度区,泥石流发育受构造断裂、地形地貌和人类工程活动影响较大。研究成果可为凉山州的防灾减灾工作提供数据支撑和科学参考。

      Abstract:

      Liangshan Prefecture is located in the northeastern margin of the Hengduan Mountain system and in the southern section of the Sichuan-Yunnan tectonic belt. Due to active structure, landforms, river cutting, etc., there are 4016 occurrences of geological disasters in Liangshan Prefecture, mainly small and medium-sized soil landslides, and small and medium-sized gully debris flows. Liangshan Prefecture is a high-risk area of geological disaster in Sichuan Province. This paper uses data collection, mathematical statistics, ArcGIS software analysis, and other methods to analyze and find that, according to the analysis of administrative region, Dechang County has the highest number of geological disaster developments, with a total of 387 occurrences. Ningnan County has the highest density of disasters development, with 17.7 sites per 100 km2. According to the analysis of river basins, the number of geological disasters in the Anning River Basin is the largest, reaching 779. The Meigu River Basin has the highest density of hazard development, with 11.18 places per 100 km2. In this paper, the spatial distribution of geological hazards of different disaster types is analyzed with disaster development density as the index. For landslides, 4 extremely high-density areas and 15 high-density areas are classified. The development of landslide is mainly controlled by active structures and slippery strata (such as red beds, Xigeda formation, etc.). For collapses, 2 extremely high-density areas and 5 high density areas are classified. The collapses are distributed along valleys and tributary channels in a zonal pattern, greatly influenced by slope cutting activities related to hydropower reservoir development and highway construction. For debris flows, 2 extremely high-density areas and 10 high-density areas are classified. The development of debris flows is greatly impacted by structural fractures, landforms and human engineering activities. The research results can provide data support and scientific references for disaster prevention and mitigation in Liangshan Prefecture.

    • 图  1   凉山州大地构造位置(a,据刘洪等,2020)和地理位置图(b)

      Figure  1.   Geotectonic location map (a, after Liu et al., 2020) and geographical location map (b) of Liangshan Prefecture

      图  2   凉山州地质灾害分布图

      Figure  2.   Geological hazard distribution map of Liangshan Prefecture

      图  3   凉山州多年逐月平均降雨量统计图

      Figure  3.   Statistical map of monthly average precipitation in Liangshan Prefecture

      图  4   地质灾害年内分布特征

      Figure  4.   Annual distribution characteristics of geological disasters

      图  5   地质灾害新增数量多年分布特征

      Figure  5.   Distribution characteristics of the annual increase in the number of geological disasters over the years

      图  6   不同类型灾害逐年新增数量统计

      Figure  6.   Statistics on the annual increase in the number of geological disasters of different types

      图  7   凉山州滑坡灾害分布图

      Figure  7.   Landslide hazard distribution map in Liangshan Prefecture

      图  8   地质灾害占比与距断裂距离统计

      Figure  8.   Statistics of geological disasters and their distances from fractures

      图  9   凉山州崩塌灾害分布图

      Figure  9.   Liangshan Prefecture collapse hazard distribution map

      图  10   凉山州泥石流灾害分布图

      Figure  10.   Debris flow disaster distribution map in Liangshan Prefecture

      表  1   凉山州地质灾害发育类型及数量

      Table  1   Types and numbers of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture

      规模崩塌/处滑坡/处泥石流/处地面塌陷/处合计/处占比/%
      特大型234090.22%
      大型21062201303.24%
      中型768302580116428.98%
      小型16917358036271367.55%
      合计2492674108764016100%
      占比6.20%66.58%27.07%0.15%100%
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  2   凉山州地质灾害发育特征统计

      Table  2   Characteristics of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture

      灾害类型发育特征数量/处占比/%
      滑坡土质295098.40
      岩质481.60
      崩塌土质134.09
      岩质30595.91
      泥石流沟道型117796.55
      坡面型423.45
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  3   凉山州各县(市)地质灾害分布基本情况统计表

      Table  3   Statistical table of geological disaster distribution of counties and cities in Liangshan Prefecture

      县(市)面积/km2 崩塌/处滑坡/处泥石流/处地面塌陷/处合计/处发育密度/(处/100 km2)
      德昌县23000261126038716.83
      西昌市26574156214037414.08
      会东县3225731216033510.39
      会理市4536192198963337.34
      木里县13223162387403282.48
      宁南县1672523853029617.70
      雷波县2840651553402548.94
      美姑县251591575802248.91
      金阳县15872312157020112.67
      甘洛县2153301123801808.36
      盐源县841241403501792.13
      冕宁县44226569501573.55
      昭觉县2702111002301344.96
      喜德县22026764301255.68
      普格县19054605201166.09
      越西县2258353370934.12
      布拖县1685841410905.34
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  4   凉山州各水系地质灾害分布基本情况统计表

      Table  4   Distribution of geological disasters in various water systems in Liangshan Prefecture

      序号名称上级水系面积/km2滑坡/处崩塌/处泥石流/处地面塌陷/处灾害总数/处密度/(处/100 km2)
      1理塘河流域雅砻江11165.515533101891.69
      2安宁河流域雅砻江8536.503681040107799.13
      3美姑河流域金沙江4104.4630248109045911.18
      4岷江流域长江434.84501061.38
      5尼日河流域大渡河4814.96190367603026.27
      6城河流域金沙江4088.36269189263859.42
      7鲹鱼河流域金沙江3137.3225091102708.61
      8西洛河流域金沙江4613.1937613123051211.10
      9西溪河流域金沙江4399.98196268403066.96
      10西宁河流域金沙江1873.1594592701809.61
      11无量河流域金沙江4153.27632200852.05
      12雅砻江流域金沙江9067.593892210505165.69
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  5   凉山州滑坡发育密度分区及特征

      Table  5   Zoning and characteristics of landslide density in Liangshan Prefecture

      滑坡发育密
      度分区
      分区代号所在行政区分区面积/km2主要诱发因素
      极高密度区
      (0.201~0.424处/km2
      Ⅰ1 甘洛县中部 96 尼日河河谷侵蚀;甘洛–竹核断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层发育
      Ⅰ2 美姑县中部 33 美姑河河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层、含煤系地层发育
      Ⅰ3 德昌县中南部 46 安宁河断裂带通过;板岩、千枚岩、花岗岩地层发育
      Ⅰ4 宁南县南部、会东县北部 134 宁会断裂、则木河断裂、普渡河断裂交汇;红层软硬相间地层、白云岩发育;黑水河河谷侵蚀
      高密度区
      (0.083~0.201处/km2
      Ⅱ1 甘洛县中部 565 尼日河河谷侵蚀;甘洛–竹核断裂通过;红层地层发育
      Ⅱ2 美姑县中部、南部 102 美姑河河谷侵蚀;甘洛–竹核断裂、西河–美姑断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层、含煤系地层发育
      Ⅱ3 雷波县东部 48 金沙江河谷侵蚀;雷波断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层、含煤系地层发育
      Ⅱ4 喜德县中部 52 孙水河河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层发育
      Ⅱ5 金阳县中部南部 120 金沙江、西溪河河谷侵蚀;金阳断裂、莲峰断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层、千枚岩板岩发育
      Ⅱ6 普格县中南部 64 西洛河河谷侵蚀;则木河断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层、含煤系地层发育
      Ⅱ7 宁南县中部北部、会东县北部 66 宁会断裂、则木河断裂、普渡河断裂交汇;红层软硬相间地层、白云岩发育;黑水河河谷侵蚀
      Ⅱ8 会东县西部、会理市南部 160 鲹鱼河河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层、千枚岩板岩发育
      Ⅱ9 会理市中部 84 安宁河断裂、宁会断裂通过;普隆河河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层发育
      Ⅱ10 西昌市西部、东部、南部 230 安宁河断裂、得力铺断裂、金河–箐河断裂、则木河断裂通过;安宁河、雅砻江河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层发育;人类工程活动
      Ⅱ11 德昌县中部西部、盐源县东南部 280 安宁河断裂、得力铺断裂、昔格达断裂带通过;安宁河、雅砻江河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层、板岩、千枚岩、花岗岩地层发育
      Ⅱ12 木里县南部 42 理塘河河谷侵蚀;板岩、千枚岩地层发育
      Ⅱ13 昭觉县中部 37 西溪河河谷侵蚀;断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层、含煤系地层发育
      Ⅱ14 会理市南部 60 城河河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层发育
      Ⅱ15 冕宁县西南部 27 雅砻江河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层发育
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  6   凉山州崩塌发育密度分区及特征

      Table  6   Zoning and characteristics of collapse density in Liangshan Prefecture

      崩塌发育密度分区分区代号所在行政区分区面积/km2主要诱发因素
      极高密度区(0.032~0.061处/km2 Ⅰ1 雷波县中部 1164 西宁河、金沙江、美姑河及支流河谷侵蚀;峨边–金阳断裂、雷波断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层地层、白云岩灰岩发育
      Ⅰ2 金阳县中部 184 西溪河、金沙江及支流河谷侵蚀;金阳断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层地层、千枚岩页岩发育
      高密度区(0.013~0.032处/km2 Ⅱ1 雷波县北部和东部 1052 西宁河、金沙江及支流河谷侵蚀;玛瑙断裂、峨边–金阳断裂、雷波断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层地层、白云岩、灰岩发育
      Ⅱ2 雷波县南部、昭觉县东部 677 美姑河及支流河谷侵蚀;峨边–金阳断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层软硬相间地层、玄武岩白云岩发育
      Ⅱ3 金阳县、布拖县东部 924 金沙江、西溪河及支流河谷侵蚀;莲峰断裂、金阳断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层软硬相间地层、白云岩发育
      Ⅱ4 金阳县南部、布拖县南部 627 金沙江及支流河谷侵蚀;乌库背斜东翼;人类工程活动扰动;红层软硬相间地层、页岩白云岩发育
      Ⅱ5 甘洛县中部、北部 904 尼日河、大渡河及支流河谷侵蚀;汉源-甘洛断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;玄武岩、碎屑岩、白云岩发育
      下载: 导出CSV

      表  7   凉山州泥石流发育密度分区及特征

      Table  7   Zoning and characteristics of debris flow density in Liangshan Prefecture

      泥石流发育密度分区分区代号所在行政区分区面积/km2主要诱发因素
      极高密度区(0.112~0.255处/km2 Ⅰ1 西昌市东北角 235 安宁河及支流河谷侵蚀;安宁河断裂带通过;人类工程活动扰动
      Ⅰ2 西昌市中东部 442 安宁河及支流河谷侵蚀;安宁河断裂、则木河断裂交汇通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层地层发育
      高密度区(0.042~0.112处/km2 Ⅱ1 甘洛县中北部 158 尼日河及支流河谷侵蚀;汉源–甘洛断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层地层发育
      Ⅱ2 越西县中部 174 尼日河及支流河谷侵蚀;大凉山断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层发育
      Ⅱ3 美姑县中部 504 美姑河及支流河谷侵蚀;西河–美姑断裂、甘洛–竹核断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层、含煤系地层发育
      Ⅱ4 雷波县中部 69 金沙江及支流河谷侵蚀;峨边–金阳断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层发育
      Ⅱ5 西昌市中部、中北、中南部 738 安宁河及支流河谷侵蚀;安宁河断裂、则木河断裂交汇通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层地层发育
      Ⅱ6 布拖县南部 383 金沙江及支流河谷侵蚀;乌库背斜通过;红层软硬相间地层发育
      Ⅱ7 普格县南部、宁南县中部 788 黑水河及支流河谷侵蚀;则木河断裂通过;红层软硬相间地层、千枚岩板岩发育
      Ⅱ8 德昌县中部、中北—中南部 1305 安宁河及支流河谷侵蚀;安宁河断裂带通过;千枚岩板岩等地层发育
      Ⅱ9 会理市中部、中北部 825 安宁河断裂通过;普隆河及支流河谷侵蚀;红层软硬相间地层、千枚岩板岩发育
      Ⅱ10 冕宁县南部、喜德县西部 483 安宁河及支流河谷侵蚀;安宁河断裂通过;人类工程活动扰动;红层地层发育
      下载: 导出CSV
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    出版历程
    • 收稿日期:  2023-05-19
    • 修回日期:  2023-09-10
    • 录用日期:  2023-10-04
    • 刊出日期:  2024-09-29

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